Chapterبەش 7 · Lectureوانە 7.2
Grammar for Technical Englishڕێزمان بۆ ئینگلیزیی تەکنیکی
A toolkit of the twelve grammar points that technical English uses most: the present simple, articles and uncountable nouns, definitions, adjective order, comparing, the passive, imperatives, modals, cause and effect, if-sentences, the present perfect and future forms. Each tool has a short rule, real IT examples and a quick check.
سندوقێکی دوازدە ئامرازییە بۆ ئەو خاڵە ڕێزمانییانەی ئینگلیزیی تەکنیکی زۆرترین بەکاریان دەهێنێت: ، و ، پێناسەکردن، ڕیزبەندیی ئاوەڵناو، بەراوردکردن، ، ، ، هۆکار و ئەنجام، ، و شێوەکانی داهاتوو. هەر ئامرازێک یاسایەکی کورت، نموونەی ڕاستەقینەی IT و پشکنینێکی خێرای هەیە.
What you will learnچی فێر دەبیت
- Use the present simple, the passive and imperatives to say what devices do, how processes work and what users must do.
- Write clear one-sentence definitions with relative clauses: A router is a device that…
- Use a, an, the, uncountable nouns (software, data, information, equipment) and adjective order correctly.
- Compare and classify devices, give advice and rules with modal verbs, and explain causes, results and system behaviour.
- Choose between the present perfect and the past simple when you report a problem, and use future forms for plans and predictions.
- ، و بەکار بهێنیت بۆ گوتنی ئەوەی ئامێرەکان چی دەکەن، پرۆسەکان چۆن کار دەکەن و دەبێت چی بکات.
- پێناسەی ڕوونی یەک ڕستەیی بە بنووسیت: A router is a device that…
- a، an، the، (software، data، information، equipment) و ڕیزبەندیی ئاوەڵناو بە دروستی بەکار بهێنیت.
- ئامێرەکان بەراورد و پۆلێن بکەیت، بە ئامۆژگاری و یاسا بڵێیت و هۆکار، ئەنجام و کاری سیستەم ڕوون بکەیتەوە.
- لە کاتی باسکردنی کێشەیەکدا لە نێوان و هەڵبژێریت و شێوەکانی داهاتوو بۆ پلان و پێشبینی بەکار بهێنیت.
EN shows the lessons for English-speaking students; کوردی shows the lessons for Kurdish-speaking students. کوردی وانەکانی خوێندکارانی کوردزمان پیشان دەدات؛ EN وانەکانی خوێندکارانی ئینگلیزیزمان پیشان دەدات.
Warm-up: why grammar matters in ITخۆئامادەکردن: بۆچی ڕێزمان لە IT گرنگە؟
Two students send a message to the university help desk about the same laptop problem. Read both messages. If you worked at the help desk, which one would you answer first?
دوو خوێندکار دەربارەی هەمان کێشەی نامە بۆ زانکۆ دەنێرن. هەردوو نامەکە بخوێنەرەوە. ئەگەر تۆ لەوێ کارت بکردایە، سەرەتا وەڵامی کامیانت دەدایەوە؟
- Message A: laptop not working since yesterday i was try restart still black screen pls fix fast
- Message B: My laptop has not started since yesterday. I have tried restarting it twice, but the screen stays black. Could someone check it today, please?
- نامەی A: laptop not working since yesterday i was try restart still black screen pls fix fast
- نامەی B: My laptop has not started since yesterday. I have tried restarting it twice, but the screen stays black. Could someone check it today, please?
This unit is a toolkit. Each of the next twelve screens gives you one tool: a short rule, real IT examples and a quick check. Use it now, and come back whenever you write a description, an instruction or a support ticket.
ئەم وانەیە سندوقێکی ئامرازە. هەر یەک لە دوازدە پەڕەی داهاتوو ئامرازێکت دەداتێ: یاسایەکی کورت، نموونەی ڕاستەقینەی IT و پشکنینێکی خێرا. ئێستا بەکاری بهێنە و هەر کاتێک وەسفێک، ڕێنماییەک یان نامەیەکی نووسی، بگەڕێوە بۆی.
Key words: the names of the toolsوشە سەرەکییەکان: ناوی ئامرازەکان
- present simplenoun/ˌpreznt ˈsɪmpl/The tense for facts, functions and things that are always true.The CPU processes data.چارەسەر دەکات.
- past simplenoun/ˌpɑːst ˈsɪmpl/The tense for a finished action at a finished time.I restarted the router at nine o'clock.کاتژمێر نۆ دووبارە هەڵکردەوە.
- present perfectnoun/ˌpreznt ˈpɜːfɪkt/have/has + past participle: the past connected to now.I have tried three different passwords.سێ جیاوازم تاقی کردووەتەوە.
- passive voicenoun/ˌpæsɪv ˈvɔɪs/be + past participle; the doer is often not named.Your files are stored in the cloud.لە هەوردا هەڵدەگیرێن.
- past participlenoun/ˌpɑːst ˈpɑːtɪsɪpl/The third form of a verb: send – sent – sent.The email was sent at 10:15.لە کاتژمێر ١٠:١٥دا نێردرا.
- imperativenoun/ɪmˈperətɪv/The base verb used for instructions, with no subject.Click Save, then close the window.لەسەر Save بکە، پاشان دابخە.
- modal verbnoun/ˈməʊdl vɜːb/can, must, should, might, may, could…You should update your phone.باشترە مۆبایلەکەت نوێ بکەیتەوە.
- relative clausenoun/ˌrelətɪv ˈklɔːz/A part of a sentence that starts with who, which, that or where.A webcam is a camera that sends video to a computer.کامێرایەکە کە ڤیدیۆ بۆ دەنێرێت.
- conditional sentencenoun/kənˈdɪʃənl ˈsentəns/An if-sentence: a condition and a result.If you press F5, the page reloads.ئەگەر F5 دابگریت، نوێ دەبێتەوە.
- uncountable nounnoun/ʌnˈkaʊntəbl ˌnaʊn/A noun with no plural and no a/an: software, data, information.Software, hardware and information are uncountable nouns.software، hardware و information .
Tool 1: the present simple for facts and functionsئامرازی ١: کاتی ئێستای سادە بۆ ڕاستی و ئەرکی شتەکان
Use the present simple for facts that are always true and for what a device or program does. After he, she, it or a singular noun, the verb takes -s or -es. Use do or does for questions and negatives. To describe a function you can also say: is used to + verb, is used for + -ing, allows users to + verb.
بۆ ئەو ڕاستییانە بەکار دێت کە هەمیشە ڕاستن و بۆ گوتنی ئەوەی ئامێرێک یان چی دەکات. دوای he، she، it یان ناوێکی تاک، کارەکە -s یان -es وەردەگرێت. بۆ پرسیار و نەرێ do یان does بەکار بهێنە. بۆ وەسفکردنی ئەرکی شتێک ئەمانەش بەکار دێن: is used to + کار، is used for + -ing، allows users to + کار.
- A router connects your home network to the internet.
- An SSD stores data with no moving parts.
- A firewall is used to block dangerous traffic.
- Does this laptop have a webcam? Yes, it does.
- A router connects your home network to the internet. — ماڵەکەت بە دەبەستێت.
- An SSD stores data with no moving parts. — بەبێ پارچەی جووڵاو هەڵدەگرێت.
- A firewall is used to block dangerous traffic. — بۆ ڕێگرتن لە هاتوچۆی مەترسیدار بەکار دێت.
- Does this laptop have a webcam? Yes, it does. — ئایا ئەم هەیە؟ بەڵێ، هەیەتی.
Tool 2: a, an, the and uncountable nounsئامرازی ٢: a، an، the و ناوە نەژمێردراوەکان
A singular countable noun needs a, an or the in front of it: a laptop, the server. Choose a or an by the first sound, not the first letter: a USB cable, a user (a /j/ sound), but an SSD, an hour, an HTML file. Use the when the reader knows which one you mean: Please restart the router in the lab.
ناوی تاکی ژمێردراو پێویستی بە a، an یان the هەیە: a laptop، the server. a یان an بەپێی یەکەم دەنگ هەڵدەبژێردرێت، نەک یەکەم پیت: a USB cable، a user (دەنگی /j/)، بەڵام an SSD، an hour، an HTML file. the بەکار بهێنە کاتێک خوێنەر دەزانێت مەبەستت کامەیە: Please restart the router in the lab.
Some important IT nouns are uncountable: software, hardware, data, information, equipment, storage, advice, feedback. They have no plural and no a/an. Use some, much, a lot of, a little or a piece of: some software, a lot of data, a piece of equipment. To count, use a countable word: three programs, two apps, five files.
هەندێک ناوی گرنگی IT : software، hardware، data، information، equipment، storage، advice، feedback. کۆ نابن و a/an وەرناگرن. some، much، a lot of، a little یان a piece of بەکار بهێنە: some software، a lot of data، a piece of equipment. بۆ ژماردن وشەیەکی ژمێردراو بەکار بهێنە: three programs، two apps، five files.
Tool 3: relative clauses for definitionsئامرازی ٣: ڕستە پەیوەندییەکان بۆ پێناسەکردن
A good one-sentence definition has three parts: the term + its class (what kind of thing it is) + a relative clause that says what makes it different. Use that or which for things, who for people and where for places.
پێناسەیەکی باشی یەک ڕستەیی سێ بەشی هەیە: زاراوەکە + پۆلەکەی (چ جۆرە شتێکە) + کە دەڵێت چی جیای دەکاتەوە. بۆ شت that یان which، بۆ کەس who و بۆ شوێن where بەکار بهێنە.
- A router is a device that sends data between networks.
- A data scientist is a person who finds patterns in large amounts of data.
- A data centre is a building where thousands of servers run.
- Malware is software that is designed to damage or steal.
- A router is a device that sends data between networks. — ئامێرێکە کە لە نێوان دەنێرێت.
- A data scientist is a person who finds patterns in large amounts of data. — کەسێکە کە شێوازی شاراوە لە بڕێکی زۆر دەدۆزێتەوە.
- A data centre is a building where thousands of servers run. — data centre بینایەکە کە هەزاران تێیدا کار دەکەن.
- Malware is software that is designed to damage or steal. — کە بۆ زیانگەیاندن یان دزین دروستکراوە.
Tool 4: adjective order and noun + nounئامرازی ٤: ڕیزبەندیی ئاوەڵناو و ناو + ناو
In English, describing words come before the noun, and the main noun comes last: a new laptop, a laptop battery. With several adjectives, the usual order is: opinion → size → age → shape → colour → origin → material → type or purpose → NOUN. Two nouns can also work together; the first noun describes the second: a Wi-Fi password = a password for the Wi-Fi.
لە ئینگلیزیدا وشە وەسفکەرەکان پێش ناو دێن و ناوە سەرەکییەکە لە کۆتاییدا دێت: a new laptop، a laptop battery. ئەگەر چەند ئاوەڵناوێک هەبوو، ڕیزبەندیی ئاسایی ئەمەیە: بۆچوون ← قەبارە ← تەمەن ← شێوە ← ڕەنگ ← سەرچاوە ← کەرەستە ← جۆر یان مەبەست ← ناو. دوو ناویش دەتوانن پێکەوە کار بکەن؛ ناوی یەکەم وەسفی دووەم دەکات: a Wi-Fi password = بۆ .
| opinionبۆچوون | size / ageقەبارە / تەمەن | colour / materialڕەنگ / کەرەستە | type / purposeجۆر / مەبەست | nounناو |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a cheap | small | black | wireless | mouse |
| a powerful | new | — | gaming | laptop |
| a fast | 2-terabyte | — | external | hard drive |
| a reliable | old | metal | server | rack |
Tool 5: comparing and classifyingئامرازی ٥: بەراوردکردن و پۆلێنکردن
Comparing two things: add -er to short adjectives (faster, cheaper, bigger) and use more or less with long ones (more powerful, less expensive), then than. Three or more: use the -est or the most (the fastest, the most reliable). Irregular forms: good → better → the best, bad → worse → the worst. Classifying: X is a type of Y; Y can be divided into A and B; Y consists of A, B and C; There are three main types of Y.
بەراوردی دوو شت: ئاوەڵناوی کورت -er وەردەگرێت (faster، cheaper، bigger) و ئاوەڵناوی درێژ more یان less (more powerful، less expensive)، پاشان than. سێ شت یان زیاتر: the -est یان the most (the fastest، the most reliable). شێوە نارێکەکان: good → better → the best، bad → worse → the worst. پۆلێنکردن: X is a type of Y؛ Y can be divided into A and B؛ Y consists of A, B and C؛ There are three main types of Y.
- An SSD is much faster than a hard disk drive.
- This is the lightest laptop in the shop.
- Storage devices can be divided into three main types: magnetic, optical and solid-state.
- A tablet is a type of mobile computer.
- An SSD is much faster than a hard disk drive. — زۆر لە خێراترە.
- This is the lightest laptop in the shop. — ئەمە سووکترین لە دوکانەکەدا.
- Storage devices can be divided into three main types: magnetic, optical and solid-state. — دابەش دەکرێن بۆ سێ جۆری سەرەکی: موگناتیسی، ئۆپتیکی و solid-state.
- A tablet is a type of mobile computer. — جۆرێکە لە گەڕۆک.
Tool 6: the passive for processesئامرازی ٦: بکەرنادیار بۆ وەسفکردنی پرۆسەکان
Use the passive when the action or the thing is more important than the person who does it. This is very common when you describe processes and systems. Form: be (is, are, was, were, has been, will be) + past participle (stored, sent, installed). Add by + the doer only when it is useful information.
بەکار بهێنە کاتێک کارەکە یان شتەکە لە ئەنجامدەرەکەی گرنگترە. ئەمە لە وەسفکردنی پرۆسە و سیستەمەکاندا زۆر باوە. دروستکردنی: be (is، are، was، were، has been، will be) + (stored، sent، installed). by + ئەنجامدەر تەنها کاتێک زیاد بکە کە زانیارییەکی بەسوود بێت.
- Your messages are encrypted before they leave your phone.
- The data is backed up every night.
- The first website was published in 1991.
- Your account has been locked.
- Your messages are encrypted before they leave your phone. — نامەکانت پێش ئەوەی مۆبایلەکەت بەجێ بهێڵن شفرە دەکرێن.
- The data is backed up every night. — هەموو شەوێک دەگیرێت.
- The first website was published in 1991. — یەکەم لە ساڵی ١٩٩١ بڵاوکرایەوە.
- Your account has been locked. — قفڵ کراوە.
Explains why and when we use the passive, how to form it with be + past participle, and how to change active sentences into passive ones.
ڕوون دەکاتەوە بۆچی و کەی بەکاردەهێنین، چۆن بە be + دروست دەکرێت و چۆن ڕستەی بکەیتە .
Watch from 1:37: why, form, and active-to-passive steps
لە 1:37 بەدواوە سەیر بکە: بۆچی بەکاردێت، چۆن دروست دەکرێت و هەنگاوەکانی گۆڕینی بۆ .
Tool 7: imperatives for instructionsئامرازی ٧: کاری فەرمان بۆ نووسینی ڕێنمایی
Instructions use the imperative: the base verb with no subject (Click, Open, Press, Type, Select). For a negative, use Don't or Do not. Give the purpose first with To + verb, and order the steps with First, Then, Next, After that and Finally. Make sure and Be careful not to are useful for warnings.
ڕێنماییەکان بەکار دەهێنن: بنەڕەتی کارەکە بەبێ بکەر (Click، Open، Press، Type، Select). بۆ نەرێ Don't یان Do not بەکار بهێنە. مەبەستەکە لە سەرەتادا بە To + کار بڵێ و هەنگاوەکان بە First، Then، Next، After that و Finally ڕیز بکە. Make sure و Be careful not to بۆ ئاگادارکردنەوە بەسوودن.
- To take a screenshot in Windows, press Windows + Shift + S.
- First, open Settings. Then tap Wi-Fi and choose your network.
- Do not turn off your computer while the update is installing.
- Make sure the cable is connected before you start.
- To take a screenshot in Windows, press Windows + Shift + S. — بۆ گرتنی لە Windows، Windows + Shift + S دابگرە.
- First, open Settings. Then tap Wi-Fi and choose your network. — سەرەتا Settings بکەرەوە. پاشان لە بدە و هەڵبژێرە.
- Do not turn off your computer while the update is installing. — لە کاتی مەکوژێنەرەوە.
- Make sure the cable is connected before you start. — پێش ئەوەی دەست پێ بکەیت، دڵنیابە کە کێبڵەکە بەستراوە.
Tool 8: modal verbs: can, must, should, might, have toئامرازی ٨: کارە مۆداڵەکان: can، must، should، might، have to
Modal verbs add meaning to the main verb. A modal never takes -s, and the next verb is the base form with no to: It can run, not It cans run or It can to run. Questions and negatives need no do: Should I restart? You mustn't share it. Have to is different: it works like a normal verb: Do I have to log in?
واتا دەخەنە سەر کارە سەرەکییەکە. هەرگیز -s وەرناگرێت و کاری دوای خۆی بنەڕەتییە و toی لەگەڵ نییە: It can run، نەک It cans run یان It can to run. پرسیار و نەرێ پێویستیان بە do نییە: Should I restart?، You mustn't share it. بەڵام have to جیاوازە و وەک کارێکی ئاسایی کار دەکات: Do I have to log in?
| modal | meaningواتا | IT exampleنموونەی IT |
|---|---|---|
| can | ability, possibilityتوانا، ئەگەر: «دەتوانێت» | This printer can print on both sides of the paper. |
| must / have to | it is necessary (a rule)پێویستە، یاسایە: «دەبێت» | Your password must have at least 12 characters. |
| should | adviceئامۆژگاری: «باشترە» | You should back up your files every week. |
| might / may | maybe (not sure)ئەگەری هەیە: «لەوانەیە»، «ڕەنگە» | The update might take an hour. |
| mustn't | it is not allowedقەدەغەیە: «نابێت» | You mustn't share your password. |
| don't have to | it is not necessary«پێویست ناکات» | You don't have to restart after this update. |
Tool 9: cause and effectئامرازی ٩: هۆکار و ئەنجام
To give the cause, use because + a clause (because the server is busy) or because of / due to + a noun (because of a power cut). To give the result, use so, as a result, therefore or which means. Because and so are fine in emails and speech; as a result and therefore are more formal and suit reports.
بۆ گوتنی هۆکار، because + ڕستە بەکار بهێنە (because the server is busy) یان because of / due to + ناو (because of a power cut). بۆ گوتنی ئەنجام، so، as a result، therefore یان which means بەکار بهێنە. because و so بۆ و قسەکردن گونجاون؛ as a result و therefore فەرمیترن و بۆ باشترن.
- The app is slow because the server is busy.
- The update failed because of a power cut.
- The battery was old, so the laptop shut down suddenly.
- Hundreds of students use the Wi-Fi at 10 a.m., which means the connection is slow. As a result, the university is adding new Wi-Fi access points.
- The app is slow because the server is busy. — هێواشە چونکە قەرەباڵغە.
- The update failed because of a power cut. — سەرکەوتوو نەبوو بەهۆی بڕانی کارەباوە.
- The battery was old, so the laptop shut down suddenly. — پاترییەکە کۆن بوو، بۆیە لەپڕ کوژایەوە.
- Hundreds of students use the Wi-Fi at 10 a.m., which means the connection is slow. As a result, the university is adding new Wi-Fi access points. — سەدان خوێندکار کاتژمێر ١٠ی بەیانی بەکار دەهێنن، کە واتە پەیوەندییەکە هێواش دەبێت. لە ئەنجامدا زانکۆ ئامێری نوێ دادەنێت.
Tool 10: if-sentences for system behaviourئامرازی ١٠: ڕستە مەرجییەکان بۆ وەسفکردنی کاری سیستەم
The zero conditional (If + present, present) describes what always happens: rules, settings and system behaviour. If you press Ctrl + Z, the program undoes your last action. The first conditional (If + present, will + verb) describes a real possible result in the future. If you install the update tonight, your phone will restart. In both types, the if-part uses the present simple, never will. Unless means 'if … not'.
جۆری سفر (If + ئێستا، ئێستا) ئەوە وەسف دەکات کە هەمیشە ڕوو دەدات: یاسا، ڕێکخستن و کاری سیستەم. If you press Ctrl + Z, the program undoes your last action. جۆری یەکەم (If + ئێستا، will + کار) ئەنجامێکی ڕاستەقینە و ئەگەری لە داهاتوودا وەسف دەکات. If you install the update tonight, your phone will restart. لە هەردوو جۆرەکەدا بەشی if بەکار دەهێنێت، هەرگیز will نا. Unless واتە «ئەگەر ... نا».
- If the battery falls below 20%, the phone switches to battery saver. (zero)
- If you enter the wrong PIN three times, the SIM card locks. (zero)
- If you don't save your work, you will lose it. (first)
- Unless you turn on 2FA, your account will be easier to hack. (first)
- If the battery falls below 20%, the phone switches to battery saver. — ئەگەر پاتری لە ٢٠٪ کەمتر بێت، مۆبایلەکە دەچێتە دۆخی پاشەکەوتکردنی وزە. (سفر)
- If you enter the wrong PIN three times, the SIM card locks. — ئەگەر سێ جار کۆدی PIN بە هەڵە بنووسیت، سیمکارتەکە قفڵ دەبێت. (سفر)
- If you don't save your work, you will lose it. — ئەگەر کارەکەت پاشەکەوت نەکەیت، لەدەستی دەدەیت. (یەکەم)
- Unless you turn on 2FA, your account will be easier to hack. — ئەگەر چالاک نەکەیت، ئاسانتر هاک دەکرێت. (یەکەم)
Learn when to use the zero conditional (always true) and the first conditional (a real future result), and how to choose between them.
فێردەبیت کەی zero conditional (شتێک کە هەمیشە ڕاستە) و کەی first conditional (ئەنجامێکی ڕاستەقینە لە داهاتوودا) بەکاربهێنیت و چۆن لە نێوانیاندا هەڵبژێریت.
From 2:20: zero conditional, first conditional with will, comparison, then practice (13.5 min)
لە 2:20 بەدواوە: zero conditional، first conditional لەگەڵ will، بەراوردکردنیان، پاشان ڕاهێنان (13.5 خولەک).
Tool 11: present perfect or past simple? Reporting a problemئامرازی ١١: کاتی ئێستای تەواو یان کاتی ڕابردووی سادە؟ باسکردنی کێشە
When you report a problem, use the present perfect (have/has + past participle) for actions up to now when the time is not finished or not important. The result matters now: I've restarted the router. It has stopped working. Use the past simple for finished actions at a known time: I restarted it at 9:00. It stopped yesterday. With the present perfect, use for + a length of time and since + a starting point: for three days, since Monday.
کاتێک کێشەیەک باس دەکەیت، (have/has + ) بۆ ئەو کارانە بەکار بهێنە کە تا ئێستا کراون و کاتەکەیان تەواو نەبووە یان گرنگ نییە؛ ئەنجامەکەی ئێستا گرنگە: I've restarted the router. It has stopped working. بۆ کاری تەواوبوو لە کاتێکی دیاریکراودا بەکار بهێنە: I restarted it at 9:00. It stopped yesterday. لەگەڵ ، for + ماوە و since + خاڵی دەستپێک بەکار بهێنە: for three days، since Monday.
- My laptop has been very slow since Monday.
- I've tried two different chargers, but it still doesn't charge.
- It worked fine until last Friday. Then I installed a new app.
- Have you changed any settings? — Yes, I changed the screen settings yesterday.
- My laptop has been very slow since Monday. — لە دووشەممەوە زۆر هێواش بووە.
- I've tried two different chargers, but it still doesn't charge. — دوو شەحنکەری جیاوازم تاقی کردووەتەوە، بەڵام هێشتا شەحن نابێت.
- It worked fine until last Friday. Then I installed a new app. — تا هەینیی ڕابردوو باش کاری دەکرد. پاشان نوێم جێگیر کرد.
- Have you changed any settings? — Yes, I changed the screen settings yesterday. — ئایا هیچ ڕێکخستنێکت گۆڕیوە؟ — بەڵێ، دوێنێ ڕێکخستنەکانی گۆڕی.
Learn when to use the past simple (a finished time) and the present perfect (connected to now), with timelines and examples.
فێردەبیت کەی (بۆ کاتێکی تەواوبوو) و کەی (پەیوەست بە ئێستاوە) بەکاربهێنیت، بە هێڵی کات و نموونە.
From 1:01: structure, life experiences, 'when' questions and links to the present
لە 1:01 بەدواوە: پێکهاتە، ئەزموونەکانی ژیان، پرسیار بە when و پەیوەندی بە ئێستاوە.
Tool 12: future forms for plans and predictionsئامرازی ١٢: شێوەکانی داهاتوو بۆ پلان و پێشبینی
Use will for predictions and for decisions you make while you speak: AI will change many jobs. I'll check the server for you. Use be going to for plans and for predictions based on what you can see now: We're going to replace the old printers in June. The battery is at 2%, so the phone is going to die. Use the present continuous for fixed arrangements: The technician is coming at 3 p.m. When you are not sure, add probably, might or is likely to (see Emerging Technologies).
will بۆ پێشبینی و بۆ ئەو بڕیارانە بەکار بهێنە کە لە کاتی قسەکردندا دەیدەیت: AI will change many jobs. I'll check the server for you. be going to بۆ پلان و بۆ ئەو پێشبینییانە بەکار بهێنە کە لەسەر بەڵگەیەکی ئێستا دامەزراون: We're going to replace the old printers in June. The battery is at 2%, so the phone is going to die. بۆ کاری ڕێکخراو و کاتی دیاریکراو بەکار بهێنە: The technician is coming at 3 p.m. ئەگەر دڵنیا نیت، probably، might یان is likely to زیاد بکە (بڕوانە وانەی تەکنەلۆجیا نوێکان).
- Next year our university is going to move all email to the cloud. (plan)
- The download is at 99%. It's going to finish in a second. (evidence)
- I think 6G will be much faster than 5G. (prediction)
- The printer is broken? OK, I'll call the technician now. (decision now)
- Next year our university is going to move all email to the cloud. — ساڵی داهاتوو زانکۆکەمان هەموو دەگوازێتەوە بۆ هەور. (پلان)
- The download is at 99%. It's going to finish in a second. — گەیشتووەتە ٩٩٪. لە چرکەیەکدا تەواو دەبێت. (بەڵگە)
- I think 6G will be much faster than 5G. — پێم وایە 6G زۆر لە 5G خێراتر دەبێت. (پێشبینی)
- The printer is broken? OK, I'll call the technician now. — تێکچووە؟ باشە، ئێستا پەیوەندی بە تەکنیکارەکەوە دەکەم. (بڕیاری ئێستا)
Reading: the tools at workخوێندنەوە: ئامرازەکان لە کاردا
The IT help desk at a university in Sulaimani is a small office on the ground floor of the library. Four technicians work there, and they answer about sixty requests every day.
When students have a problem, they fill in an online form. Each form is checked by a technician, and every request is given a ticket number. Simple problems, such as forgotten passwords, are usually solved in ten minutes. If a laptop needs a new part, it is sent to a repair shop in the city.
Shilan, one of the technicians, explains: "The most common problems are Wi-Fi and passwords. Students should write the exact error message, because it saves us a lot of time. Please don't just write 'it doesn't work'. Tell us what you have tried and when the problem started."
This year the help desk has answered more than 9,000 tickets. Next month the team is going to launch a chatbot that will answer simple questions at night. "It might not solve every problem," Shilan says, "but students will probably get answers faster."
Kurdish translationوەرگێڕانی کوردی
IT لە زانکۆیەک لە سلێمانی ئۆفیسێکی بچووکە لە نهۆمی خوارەوەی کتێبخانەکە. چوار تەکنیکار لەوێ کار دەکەن و ڕۆژانە وەڵامی نزیکەی شەست داواکاری دەدەنەوە.
کاتێک خوێندکاران کێشەیەکیان هەیە، ئۆنلاین پڕ دەکەنەوە. هەر لەلایەن تەکنیکارێکەوە دەپشکنرێت و ژمارەی دەدرێتە هەر داواکارییەک. کێشە سادەکان، وەک لەبیرکراو، زۆرجار لە دە خولەکدا چارەسەر دەکرێن. ئەگەر پارچەیەکی نوێی پێویست بێت، دەنێردرێت بۆ دوکانێکی چاککردنەوە لە شارەکەدا.
شیلان، یەکێک لە تەکنیکارەکان، ڕوونی دەکاتەوە: «باوترین کێشەکان و . خوێندکاران پێویستە دەقی بە وردی بنووسن، چونکە کاتێکی زۆرمان بۆ پاشەکەوت دەکات. تکایە تەنها مەنووسن "کار ناکات". پێمان بڵێن چیتان تاقی کردووەتەوە و کێشەکە کەی دەستی پێکرد.»
ئەمساڵ وەڵامی زیاتر لە ٩٬٠٠٠ داوەتەوە. مانگی داهاتوو تیمەکە دەخاتە کار کە شەوانە وەڵامی پرسیارە سادەکان دەداتەوە. شیلان دەڵێت: «لەوانەیە هەموو کێشەیەک چارەسەر نەکات، بەڵام بە ئەگەری زۆر خوێندکاران خێراتر وەڵام وەردەگرن.»
While you read, look for the tools: the passive, a conditional, modal verbs, imperatives, a superlative, the present perfect and future forms.
لە کاتی خوێندنەوەدا بەدوای ئامرازەکاندا بگەڕێ: ، ، ، ، ، و شێوەکانی داهاتوو.
What happens to a laptop that needs a new part?چی بەسەر ئەو لاپتۆپە دێت کە پارچەیەکی نوێی پێویستە؟
It is sent to a repair shop in the city. The writer uses a conditional (If a laptop needs…) and the passive (it is sent).
دەنێردرێت بۆ دوکانێکی چاککردنەوە لە شارەکەدا. نووسەر (If a laptop needs…) و (it is sent) بەکار دەهێنێت.
Find two imperatives and two modal verbs in Shilan's words.دوو کاری فەرمان و دوو کاری مۆداڵ لە قسەکانی شیلاندا بدۆزەرەوە.
Imperatives: (Please) don't just write…, Tell us… Modal verbs: should, might.
: (Please) don't just write…، Tell us… — : should، might.
Why does the text say 'has answered' but 'started'?بۆچی دەقەکە دەڵێت has answered بەڵام started؟
'This year' is not finished, so the present perfect fits. 'When the problem started' points to a finished moment in the past, so the past simple fits.
«ئەمساڵ» هێشتا تەواو نەبووە، بۆیە گونجاوە. when the problem started ئاماژە بە کاتێکی تەواوبووی ڕابردوو دەکات، بۆیە گونجاوە.
Listening and speaking: reporting a problemگوێگرتن و قسەکردن: باسکردنی کێشەیەک
IT help desk, Karwan speaking. How can I help?
IT، کاروانم. چۆن یارمەتیت بدەم؟
Hi. My laptop has been very slow since Monday, and now it won't connect to the university Wi-Fi.
سڵاو. لە دووشەممەوە زۆر هێواش بووە و ئێستا بە زانکۆوە پەیوەست نابێت.
I see. Have you restarted it?
تێگەیشتم. ئایا دووبارە هەڵتکردووەتەوە؟
Yes, I restarted it this morning, but nothing changed.
بەڵێ، ئەمڕۆ بەیانی دووبارە هەڵمکردەوە، بەڵام هیچ نەگۆڕا.
Did you install anything new last week?
ئایا هەفتەی ڕابردوو شتێکی نوێت جێگیر کرد؟
Yes, I installed a free video app on Sunday.
بەڵێ، ڕۆژی یەکشەممە بێبەرانبەری ڤیدیۆم جێگیر کرد.
That might be the cause. Some free apps run in the background, so the laptop gets slower.
لەوانەیە ئەوە هۆکارەکە بێت. هەندێک بێبەرانبەر لە پشتەوە کار دەکەن، بۆیە هێواشتر دەبێت.
Should I delete it?
ئایا بیسڕمەوە؟
Yes, you should uninstall it. If the Wi-Fi still doesn't work after that, bring the laptop to the help desk.
بەڵێ، باشترە لای ببەیت. ئەگەر دوای ئەوە هێشتا کار نەکات، بهێنە بۆ .
Do I have to make an appointment?
ئایا دەبێت پێشتر کات دیاری بکەم؟
No, you don't have to. Just come before four o'clock. And remember: you mustn't share your password with anyone, not even with us.
نەخێر، پێویست ناکات. تەنها پێش کاتژمێر چوار وەرە. لەبیرت بێت: نابێت بە هیچ کەسێک بڵێیت، تەنانەت بە ئێمەش.
Got it. I'll uninstall the app now. Thanks a lot!
تێگەیشتم. ئێستا لادەبەم. زۆر سوپاس!
Practise the call with a partner. Then change the problem, for example: the printer has printed only blank pages since yesterday, or your phone won't charge. Use at least one present perfect, one past simple, one modal verb and one if-sentence.
لەگەڵ هاوڕێیەکتدا پەیوەندییەکە ڕاهێنان بکە. پاشان کێشەکە بگۆڕە، بۆ نموونە: لە دوێنێوە تەنها پەڕەی سپی چاپ دەکات، یان مۆبایلەکەت شەحن نابێت. لانیکەم یەک ، یەک ، یەک و یەک بەکار بهێنە.
Show answerوەڵامەکە پیشان بدە
Model answer: Student: Hi. The printer in our department has printed only blank pages since yesterday. — Technician: Have you checked the ink? — Student: Yes, I changed the cartridge this morning. — Technician: Then the print head might be dirty. If you run the cleaning tool, it usually fixes this. You should run it twice. — Student: OK, I'll do that now. Thanks!
وەڵامی نموونە: Student: Hi. The printer in our department has printed only blank pages since yesterday. — Technician: Have you checked the ink? — Student: Yes, I changed the cartridge this morning. — Technician: Then the print head might be dirty. If you run the cleaning tool, it usually fixes this. You should run it twice. — Student: OK, I'll do that now. Thanks!
Writing: a clear ticket and clear definitionsنووسین: تیکێتێکی ڕوون و پێناسەی ڕوون
Write a support ticket (60–90 words) about a real or imagined problem. Use the present perfect with since or for, the past simple with a time, because or so, a modal verb and a polite request (Could you…?).
(٦٠ تا ٩٠ وشە) دەربارەی کێشەیەکی ڕاستەقینە یان خەیاڵی بنووسە. لەگەڵ since یان for، لەگەڵ کاتێک، because یان so، و داواکارییەکی بەڕێز (Could you…?) بەکار بهێنە.
Hintئاماژە
Start with a short subject line that names the device and the problem.
بە کورت دەست پێبکە کە ناوی ئامێرەکە و کێشەکە بهێنێت.
Show answerوەڵامەکە پیشان بدە
Model answer: Subject: Laptop will not connect to the university Wi-Fi. Hello, my laptop (Windows 11) has not connected to the university Wi-Fi since Tuesday. It connects to my home Wi-Fi without problems, so I think the problem is my university account. I changed my password on Monday. I have restarted the laptop twice, but nothing has changed. Could you please check my account? I can bring the laptop to the help desk tomorrow at 11 a.m. Thank you, Rezan.
وەڵامی نموونە: Subject: Laptop will not connect to the university Wi-Fi. Hello, my laptop (Windows 11) has not connected to the university Wi-Fi since Tuesday. It connects to my home Wi-Fi without problems, so I think the problem is my university account. I changed my password on Monday. I have restarted the laptop twice, but nothing has changed. Could you please check my account? I can bring the laptop to the help desk tomorrow at 11 a.m. Thank you, Rezan.
Write one-sentence definitions (term + class + relative clause) for: a webcam, a password manager, a data centre, a chatbot.
بۆ ئەمانە پێناسەی یەک ڕستەیی بنووسە (زاراوە + پۆل + ): a webcam، a password manager، a data centre، a chatbot.
Show answerوەڵامەکە پیشان بدە
- A webcam is a small camera that sends live video to a computer or the internet.
- A password manager is an app that stores your passwords safely and fills them in for you.
- A data centre is a building where thousands of servers store and process data.
- A chatbot is a program that answers people's questions in writing or by voice.
- A webcam is a small camera that sends live video to a computer or the internet.
- A password manager is an app that stores your passwords safely and fills them in for you.
- A data centre is a building where thousands of servers store and process data.
- A chatbot is a program that answers people's questions in writing or by voice.
Extra practiceڕاهێنانی زیاتر
هەڵە باوەکانی کوردزمانان
ئەمانە دە هەڵەی باوی کوردزمانانن لە ئینگلیزیی تەکنیکیدا. هەر یەکەیان لە یەکێک لە ئامرازەکانی ئەم وانەیەدا ڕوون کراوەتەوە.
| ✗ هەڵە | ✓ ڕاست | ئامراز |
|---|---|---|
| I installed many softwares. | I installed a lot of software. | ٢: |
| Laptop is a portable computer. | A laptop is a portable computer. | ٢: |
| the server that I connected to it | the server that I connected to | ٣: |
| password Wi-Fi | Wi-Fi password | ٤: ناو + ناو |
| An SSD is faster from an HDD. | An SSD is faster than an HDD. | ٥: |
| The file sent yesterday. | The file was sent yesterday. | ٦: |
| I can to install it. | I can install it. | ٨: |
| Because the battery is old, so it shuts down. | The battery is old, so it shuts down. | ٩: هۆکار و ئەنجام |
| If you will restart it, it will work. | If you restart it, it will work. | ١٠: |
| I have this problem since Monday. | I have had this problem since Monday. | ١١: |
ئەم ڕستانە وەربگێڕە بۆ ئینگلیزی. ئامرازەکانی ئەم وانەیە بەکار بهێنە. ١. هەموو شەوێک دەگیرێت. ٢. لە هەینییەوە کار ناکات. ٣. کامێرایەکە کە ڤیدیۆ بۆ دەنێرێت. ٤. نابێت بە کەس بڵێیت. ٥. ئەگەر F5 دابگریت، نوێ دەبێتەوە. ٦. پێویستم بە هەندێک هەیە دەربارەی ئەم .
Show answerوەڵامەکە پیشان بدە
- The files are backed up every night.
- My laptop hasn't worked since Friday.
- A webcam is a camera that sends video to the internet.
- You mustn't share your password with anyone.
- If you press F5, the page reloads.
- I need some information about this software. (نەک an information، نەک softwares)
Extra practiceڕاهێنانی زیاتر
Going further: precise and professional
Good technical English is not only correct: it is clear, short and consistent. These points come from professional documentation style guides.
- Prefer the active voice in instructions and help. 'The system sends you a code' is clearer than 'A code is sent to you by the system'. Keep the passive for processes and when the doer doesn't matter.
- Use verbs, not heavy nouns. Write 'Install the app', not 'Perform the installation of the app'; 'decide', not 'make a decision'.
- that vs which. Defining, no commas: 'the file that you deleted'. Extra information, with commas: 'The video, which is 2 GB, is too large to email.'
- fewer vs less, number vs amount. fewer errors, less memory; the number of users, the amount of data.
- data is / data are. Choose one and be consistent. Most IT writing treats data as uncountable: 'the data is'.
- Keep tenses consistent. Procedures and specifications: present simple. Incident timelines: past simple. Current state: present perfect.
- Parallel lists. Start every item in a list with the same kind of word: 'Download the file, open it, check the settings', not 'Download the file, opening it, settings check'.
Rewrite this help text so that it is correct, short and professional: 'The softwares will be installed by the user. Firstly the user must to click on the Next button and then the licence agreement will be needed to be accepted. If you will not accept it, the installation of the program cannot be performed.'
Show answerوەڵامەکە پیشان بدە
Model answer: 'To install the software, click Next and accept the licence agreement. If you do not accept the agreement, the software cannot be installed.' Changes: software is uncountable; the steps use active imperatives; no to after must (and no must at all in a step); the if-part uses the present simple; a short passive replaces the heavy noun phrase 'the installation … cannot be performed'.
Review: test yourselfپێداچوونەوە: خۆت تاقی بکەرەوە
Which form do we use for facts and functions?کام شێوە بۆ ڕاستی و ئەرکی شتەکان بەکار دێت؟
The present simple: A router connects networks.
: A router connects networks.
When is the passive a good choice?کەی بکەرنادیار هەڵبژاردنێکی باشە؟
When the action or the process matters more than the doer, for example in process descriptions: The data is encrypted and then sent.
کاتێک کارەکە یان پرۆسەکە لە ئەنجامدەرەکەی گرنگترە، بۆ نموونە لە وەسفکردنی پرۆسەدا: The data is encrypted and then sent.
What is the difference between 'mustn't' and 'don't have to'?جیاوازیی نێوان mustn't و don't have to چییە؟
Mustn't means it is not allowed; don't have to means it is not necessary.
mustn't واتە قەدەغەیە؛ don't have to واتە پێویست ناکات.
Why is 'I have restarted it yesterday' wrong?بۆچی I have restarted it yesterday هەڵەیە؟
Yesterday is a finished time, so we need the past simple: I restarted it yesterday.
«دوێنێ» کاتێکی تەواوبووە، بۆیە پێویستە: I restarted it yesterday.
Lesson complete!وانەکە تەواو بوو!
Well done. Review the key terms, then go on to the next lesson.دەستخۆش. سەیرێکی زاراوە سەرەکییەکان بکەرەوە، پاشان بڕۆ بۆ وانەی داهاتوو.
Key termsزاراوە سەرەکییەکان
Emerging Technologiesتەکنەلۆجیا نوێکان
Related lecturesوانە پەیوەندیدارەکان
References and further readingسەرچاوەکان و خوێندنەوەی زیاتر
This lecture is a first edition. The Kurdish text and terminology are waiting for review by Kurdish IT teachers.ئەم وانەیە چاپی یەکەمە. دەقە کوردییەکە و زاراوەکانی چاوەڕێی پێداچوونەوەی مامۆستایانی کوردی بواری IT ن.